Everything Southeast Asia

Kingdoms of Southeast Asia
Geography of Southeast Asia

• Lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans
• Spreads from Asia to Australia
• Made up of two main parts
  • Indochina- Mainland Peninsula
    • borders China to the north and India to the west
  • The Islands- The largest include: Sumatra, Borneo, and Java
• Climate: Tropical, Warm, Humid
  • Heavy seasonal rains due to Monsoon winds

    Effects of a monsoon

    
    
    
• Control of trade routes and harbors
• Between Indian Ocean and the South China Sea
  • Two important water ways connect the two seas
    • The Strait of Malacca
    • The Sunda Strait

Influence of India and China

• Hindu and Buddhist missionaries spread their: faiths, art forms, languages, and religions

  Spread of Hinduism

  
  
  
• Chinese ideas and cultures expanded to Southeast Asia through trade

The Khmer Empire

• Cambodia: present day Khmer Empire
• 800s Khmer created an empire by conquering neighboring kingdoms
  • Capital: Angkor
  • Angkor Wat- world's greatest architectural achievement
    • reflected strong Indian influence

• 1200- peak of power
  • improved rice cultivation and advanced irrigation systems and waterways
  • Three or four crops of rice grown per year

Island Trading Kingdoms

• Strong, powerful kingdoms arose on Southeast Asia's islands
• Sailendra: dynasty which ruled an agricultural kingdom on the island of Java

  Sailendra Dynasty

  
  
  
  
• 800s the Buddhist temple at Borobudur was built
  • reflected strong Indian influence

    Buddhist temple at Borobudur

• Srivijaya Empire overtook the Sailendra dynasty
  • Capital: Palembang
    • Center for Buddhist learning
    • Chinese monks studied there
  • Controlled the Strait of Malacca and surrounding waters
  • Grew wealthy by taxing trade that past through waters

Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Dutch Expand Control

• 18th century- the Dutch East India Company gained control over most of the Indonesian islands
• Reasons to take over:
  • Perfect for plantation agriculture
  • Grew sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber ,coconuts, bananas, and pineapple
• British East India Company gained control of Malacca from Portuguese
• Fought for Java from its control of the British and the Javanese

  Satellite of Java Island

  
  
  
  
• Dutch spread control to Sumatra, part of Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and Bali
  • WHY? - discovery of oil and desire for an excess number of rubber plantations
• Dutch East Indies- the whole island chain of Indonesia controlled by the Dutch
  • began to create a rigid social system

British Take the Malayan Peninsula

• The British found harbor on Singapore, to compete with the Dutch for trading
• Singapore was one of the world's busiest ports
  • WHY? large demand for tin and rubber and the opening of the Suez Canal
• British gain control of the colonies in Malaysia and in Burma (Myanmar)
  • Malaysia: large amount of tin and is the world's leading rubber exporter
• Chinese forced to migrate to Malaysia by the british
  • Malaysians became minority in own country
  • Conflict arose between the two and was never resolved
    
    
    
    
    

French Control Indochina

• 1840s - the French added Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam
  • WHY? 7 French missionaries were killed and emperor Napoleon III asked the French to invade southern Vietnam
• Laos, Cambodia, and northern Vietnam combined are known as French Indochina
  
  
• rice decreased for the peasants and caused Vietnamese resistance against the French

Colonial Impact

• Southeast Asia's economies grew
  • WHY? due to cash crops and the mines
• Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists

Independence

Siam (Present day Thailand) Remains Independent

• Lies between Burma, controlled by Britain, and French Indochina
  • Siam tries to remain a neutral zone between powerful Britain and France
• King Mongkut and son, Chulalongkorn, guided the modernization of Siam

  King Mongkut and Prince Chulalongkorn

  
  
  
  
  
  
  • started schools, reformed legal systems, and reorganized the government
  • Infrastructure: new railroads,and telegraph system
  • Slavery was ended due to modernization

The Philippines

• The U.S. won the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam
• The Filipino nationalists angered by change of control, from the Spanish to the Americans
  • Leader of the Filipino nationalists: Emilio Aguinaldo
    • wanted independence
      • established the Philippine Republic

        Logo of Philippine Republic

• 1902- the U.S. won against the Filipino nationalists
  • U.S. promised the Philippines would be prepared for self-rule
  • The U.S. built roads, rail roads, hospitals, and schools
  • Businessmen encouraged the growth of cash crops ===> led to food shortages for the Filipinos
• The Philippines became the first of the world's colonies to achieve independence following WWII
• July 4, 1946- the U.S. allowed the Philippines independence
• The Filipinos wanted to rebuild the economy and restore the capital, Manila, which was damaged in WWII
  
  
  
  
  
• Bell Act- gave money to the Philippines and free trade to the U.S. for eight years with tariffs
• 99-year lease, on military and naval bases in the Philippines, was demanded by the U.S.
  • WHY? the U.S. wanted to maintain its military presence in the Philippines
• 1965- Ferdinand Marcos was elected president of the Philippines
  • imposed an authoritarian regime and stole millions of dollars from the public treasury
  • Chief opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr., was assassinate
  • 1986- Corazon Aquino challenged Marcos in the elections
• Aquino won and Marcos was forced to exile in Hawaii because he declared himself winner

1995- Philippines recovered $475 million that Marco had stolen

• Under Aquino- new constitution
  • U.S. ended the lease on the military bases

The Philippines After Independence

• Southern part of the country is made up of Muslims, known as the Moros
  • 1970s- the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) began an armed struggle to gain independence from Philippine rule
  • 1996- the Moros were granted autonomous region in the southern Philippines
  • The agreement did not satisfy the splinter group of the MNLF called Abu Sayyaf
    • These rebels used terror to achieve goals
      • 2002- they kidnapped 20 people
  • Current Philippines president: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
    • launched military response to the Moros
    • U.S. provided military assistance

      Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Vietnam

• 1900s- France controlled most of Southeast Asia
• Ho Chi Minh, a young Vietnamese nationalist
  • asked the communists for help

• Ho Chi Minh

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Ho's Indochinese Communist party led revolts against the French
    • The Vietnamese were jailed
    • Ho and other nationalists founded the Vietminh (Independence) League
• The Anti-Colonial War (1946-1954)
  • Vietminh (communists) against the French

Vietnamese War (1959-1975)

• During the Cold war
• Domino Theory- the Southeast Asian nations were like a row of dominos, the fall of one to communism will lead to the fall of its neighbors
• Geneva Conference- divided Vietnam
  • 17th parallel divides North and South Vietnam
    
    
    
    
    
    
  • North: communist led by Ho Chi Minh, the Soviet Union, and People's Republic of China
    • Vietminh - north vietnamese communist guerillas
  • South: was non-communist led by Ngo Dinh Diem and the U.S., after the french withdrew
    • Vietcong - south vietnamese communist guerillas
• U.S. technology was not as effective in this war
  • WHY? the Vietnamese jungle
• First televised war

The United States Gets Involved

• August 1964- North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
  • The Congress authorized the President to send U.S. troops to fight in Vietnam
  • 1968- half a million U.S. soldiers in combat
  • U.S. turned to air power, bombing millions of acres of farm land and forests

    Bombing of Vietnam

    
    
    
    
  • Peasants oppositions to the South Vietnamese government strengthened
    • WHY? The bombing
• 1969- President Richard Nixon withdrew U.S. troops from Vietnam
  • Nixon called for Vietnamization- allowed for U.S. troops to gradually pull out, while the South Vietnamese increased their combat rule
  • Nixon used a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnamese bases and authorized bombings in neighboring Laos and Cambodia to destroy Vietcong hiding places
  • 1973- Vietnam was cleared of all U.S. troop
• 1975 - Vietnamese War ended with 58,000 dead U.S. soldiers and 1.5 Vietnamese killed
  
  
  
  
  

Vietnam After the War

• 1975- North Vietnam had strict control over the South
• Officials sent thousands of people to "reeducation camps" for training in Communist thought
• Business was strictly controlled
• North Vietnamese renamed South's former capital, Saigon to Ho Chi Minh City

  Ho Chi Minh City

  
  
  
  
• Most people fled Vietnam and survivors of the escape spent months in refugee camps in Southeast Asia
• 1995- the U.S. normalized relations with Vietnam

Cambodia (Kampuchea)

• Pol Pot
  • 1962- became leader of Cambodian Communist Party and forced to flee to jungle to escape President Norodom Sihanouk, leader of Cambodia
  • 1975- Khmer Rouge was set up, communist rebels who set up a brutal Communist government
  • 1975 to 1979- Pol Pot
    • Goal: forced city laborers to work on collective farms to reach goal of "restarting civilization"
      • Results: slaughtered 2 million people (almost one quarter of nations population) due to starvation, execution, and beatings
• WHY? to reinforce a Communist society in Cambodia

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• 1978- Vietnamese invaded Cambodia and overthrew the Khmer Rouge
  • introduced a less repressive government
• 1989-Vietnam withdrew
• 1993- Cambodia introduced a democratic constitution and held free elections under UN peacekeepers

British Colonies Gain Independence

Burma (Myanmar)

• Burma wanted independence from Britain
  • 1948- became a sovereign republic
  • 1989 -Burma named Myanmar
• Burma struggled between repressive military governments, pro-democracy forces, and conflict among Communists and ethnic minorities
  • 1988- Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Aung Sun a leader of the Burmese nationalist's army
    
    
    
    
    
    • Aung San Suu Kyi was active the National League of Democracy
    • 1991- won Nobel Peace Prize for efforts to establish democracy in Myanmar
    • For democratic practice, the military government placed her under house arrest multiple times
      • 1995 released from house arrest but placed under house arrest again in 2000

Malaysia and Singapore

• The Japanese conquered the Malay Peninsula during WWII, which was originally owned by the British
• 1945- British return to the peninsula
  • British tried to organize the people of Malaysia into one state and tried to stop the Communism uprising
  • Ethnic groups resisted the British efforts
• Malays were a slight majority
• Chinese were the largest group on the southern tip, the island of Singapore
• 1957- the Federation of Malaya from Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah was created
• 1965- Singapore separated from the federation and was known as an independent city-state
• Malaysia formed from the federation consisting of Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah

  Malaysian Flag

  
  
  
  
  • Steady economic progress in Malaysia was a result of a coalition of many ethnic groups

Indonesia gains Independence from the Dutch

• The Dutch ruled Indonesia
  • It fell when Japanese conquered the region and destroyed the Dutch colonial order as WWII was starting
• Indonesian people strived for a free nation when war finished
• Sukarno- led an effort to establish an independent Indonesia
• 1945- Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence and called himself president
• 1949- the UN and U.S. and granted Indonesia its freedom
  
  
  
  
  
• The independent Indonesia became the world's fourth most populous nation, consisting of 300 different ethnic groups, 250 languages and several different religions, containing the world's largest Islamic population
• Sukarno, took the official title of "life-time president"
  • attempted a parliamentary democracy
• Economy fell and nation slid rapidly
• Banks refused to lend money to Indonesia and inflation occurred to one thousand percent
• 1965- Suharto, a general, put down the group of junior army officers, who attempted a coup

  Sukarno and Saharto

  
  
  
  
• Seized power for himself
  • 500,000 to 1,000,000 Indonesians were killed
• 1967- Suharto became president
  • turned Indonesia into a police state and imposed frequent periods of martial law
  • 1976- annexed East Timor
  • human violations
  • government had little tolerance for religious freedoms
• 1997-1998- suffered one of the worst financial crises
  • Effects: Suharto stepped down from power in 1998
• 2001- Sukarno's daughter, Megawati Sukarnoputri, elected president
  • She hailed the virtues of democracies
  • Urged Indonesians to do what they could to maintain a democracy
  • Faced still-fragile economy, ethnic strife, security problems, and corruption

East Timor

• 1970s- Indonesian forces had ruled East Timor with brutal force since Suharto seized it
• Jose Ramos Horta- East Timorese independence campaigner
  • won the 1996 Noble Peace Prize for efforts to gain independence for East Timor without using violence
• August 1999- the United Nations-sponsored referendum
  • the East Timorese voted for independence
  • angered the pro-Indonesian forces
    • ignored the referendum results
      • Effects: bloody rampage killing hundreds, forced thousands into refugee camps in West Timor
  • 2002- The UN intervention forces brought peace to the area, East Timor celebrated its freedom

Changing Times in Southeast Asia

Transportation

• In rural Thailand, the water buffalo-drawn cart was a past mode of transportation
• Today, in Bangkok, Thailand, there are very different forms of transportation, including: cars, motorcycles and public buses

  Bangkok, Thailand

  
  
  
  

Housing

• In Jakarta, Indonesia, the luxury apartment building towers over the shabby and polluted slum of Muarabaru

  Jakarta, Indonesia

  
  
  
  

Economics

• The gap between rich and poor remains an issue
• The Asian Tigers consist of Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea
  • These nations have experienced rapid economic growth and prosperity due to industrialization, and were aligned both politically, and economically with the West throughout the Cold War

Markets

• Modern convenience stores, with prepackaged foods like this street-side store in Vietnam
  • Replaced floating markets of Thailand

Singapore

• one of the busiest ports in the world
• 1959 to 1990- Lee Kuan Yew ruled as prime minister of Singapore
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  • Singapore emerged as a banking center and a center of trade
• Singapore was recognized as having the world's strongest economy on the list of the Geneva World Economic Forum

By Alexandra Tramposch and Cara Laban